Most employment disputes in South Africa are first referred to the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) or a relevant Bargaining Council.
The process generally includes:
- Conciliation – An attempt to resolve the dispute through mediation
- Arbitration – A formal hearing where an arbitrator makes a binding decision
More complex matters may proceed to the Labour Court, Labour Appeal Court, or higher courts depending on the nature of the dispute.
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